Alcohol Consumption Among Youth Is Not A New Issue Essay

1. Introduction Alcohol consumption amongst youth is not a new issue – New Zealand has a long standing history of alcohol consumption both good and bad. In New Zealand, as is also around the world, the consumption of alcohol has baggage both good and bad. It is seen on a positive note as a social enabler, it allows oneself to let their guard down a bit and feel at ease in situations out of their normal comfort zones, however to every story there is also a flip-side, and this is the idea that alcohol consumption is the cause of social harm. These views are also reflected in the thoughts of many New Zealander’s today. An online article, Contrary to belief, we may be losing ‘binge’ from our drinking culture (2012) highlights the disparities of views between those who are 50 years or older, and those I deem part of the youth of New Zealand who are 30 years or younger. The views show that the older group believe that New Zealanders, especially the younger demographic have a problem with alcohol consumption, however, those in the younger group acknowledged that as a society New Zealanders drink excessively, many argued that we (New Zealand) was no different to any other country in regards to alcohol consumption. This perceived social norm of excessive drinking highlights the need to further explore how as a society we can change the social norm so excessive drinking is not an issue without stigmatizing a particular segment of society. This literature review, which is to exploreShow MoreRelatedYouth Addiction Alcohol : Causes And Concerns1544 Words   |  7 PagesYouth Addiction to Alcohol – Causes and Concerns Instruction In today’s society, alcohol use and heavy drinking is very common among young adults and adolescence. Since the end of the 20th century, more and more of the younger populations have started participating in alcohol consumption. Unlike in the early 1900’s when alcohol was heavily regulated – alcohol was even banned in the United States from 1919 – 1933 due to prohibition – it is now normal for anyone above the legal drinking age to walkRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 PagesSadly, in today’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alco hol consumption amongst young adults, from high school toRead More Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesperson from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcohol sales. This is despite the strict drinking laws that govern many countries as regards alcohol purchase and consumption. Underage drinkingRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 PagesCan a person be too young to become addicted to alcohol and drugs? Or why is age of first use of alcohol is critically important? There are many questions raised on consumption of alcohol when it comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effectsRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 PagesSadly, in today’s society there is a lo t of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, and talk about waysRead MoreLowering The Drinking Age From 21 Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesUnderage drinking. It’s all the rage in this generation. Youths everywhere are subjecting themselves to excessive amounts of alcohol at illegal ages, and the consequences are evident all around us. Every year over 5,000 kids under the age of 21 die from alcohol abuse, 1 in 5 10th graders will resort to binge drinking, and alcohol continues to damage developing teen brains (Let’s Stop Teen Drinking Tragedies). While they may not be seen in ni ght clubs in bars, people between the ages of 18 and 21Read MoreThe Problems Associated with Underage Drinking Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, as alcohol is seen as the â€Å"Forbidden Fruit,† it encourages the want to drink for people under the age of twenty-one. The use of alcohol by adolescents is widely viewed as disobedience in American society. Although, alcohol use is technically illegal until the age of twenty-one (in 19 states the consumption of alcohol in not specifically illegal for people under the age of twenty-one), there is still an excessive use of dinking in teenagers today. Since alcohol is associated withRead More Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to comeRead MoreCollege Campus : Dangerous Incidents On Colleges Campuses1716 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on experts will help me better understand the consequences of underage drinking. Articles such as Dean-Mooney (2008) and Dryden (2013), related to my topic would help determine my reliability and credibility. Issues on lowering the drinking age are spreading rapidly in the news because students are not feeling safe on campuses due to increase in violence and sexual assaults caused by binge drinking. And due to these kinds of increased behaviors our societies are paying the price. So, the drinkingRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1253 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to a younger age? Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed the issue of minimum legal drinking age sensitively in the hands of the states, letting each decide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimum legal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all states until 1970

Merchant of Venice Mercy and Justice Free Essays

Ever been in a situation where you do not know whether to be fair or bend the rules a bit? In The Merchant of Venice, mercy and justice are the continuing predominant themes. Situations occur, that doing the just act does not seem to be correct or the right thing to do. Technically, the correct thing to do is to follow and abide by justice and the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Merchant of Venice: Mercy and Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now For in this case, justice means the taking of a man’s life for the greed and sick revenge of another man. One of the true morals in this play is to be careful for what you wish for. Just as Shylock asked for justice, and in the end, justice was served. Throughout The Merchant of Venice, the themes of mercy and justice are continuously contradicting when it comes to Shylock’s situation with Antonio, in the court scene. In the play, Shylock has a deep desire for his bond to be satisfied and justice to prevail. In this Shakespearian time period, Jews are looked down upon. They are not treated as equals to the Christians. Shylock had a well justified reason to hate Antonio after Antonio would treat Shylock like a dog and spit upon him. Shylock said that Antonio’s reason for disrespect is because he is a Jew.Shylock talked of how Jews and Christians are the same thing, except they follow different beliefs. Once Antonio admits he cannot repay his debt, Shylock is eager for his bond and justice. However never did he show mercy, even towards his own daughter, he said, â€Å"I would my / daughter were dead at my foot and the jewels in her / ear; would she were hearsed at my foot and the / ducats in her coffin,† (III. 1. 87-90). Since he lacked mercy and kindness, he was shown no mercy when Antonio was to set his demands. Antonio begged for mercy and said, â€Å"I pray thee, hear me speak,† (III. 3. 12).Shylock showed no mercy for Antonio and persisted that he will have his bond. Solanio reassures Antonio that the Duke will not abide to a contract of this nature. Antonio replied saying that, â€Å"The Duke cannot deny the course of law,† (III. 3. 29). That is where the justice falls into play, if the Duke does not allow Shylock’s pound of flesh to be taken, then the whole Venetian courts and government would be a disgrace. This meant that for the trial to be fair, the bond will need to be satisfied. It looked bad for Antonio, until Portia came dressed as Balthazar, a lawyer. Portia’s first approach was to ask Shylock to be merciful.Shylock however was disgusted by the idea like proven before. Portia talks of God and how Christians beg for mercy to reach salvation. She said that, â€Å"Therefore, Jew, / Through justice be thy plea, consider this: / That in the course of justice none of us / Should see salvation. We do pray for mercy, / And that same prayer doth teach us all to render / The deeds of mercy,† (IV. 1. 203-208). Being as deliberate and stubborn as he is he said that â€Å"My deeds upon my head! I crave the law, / The penalty and forfeit of my bond,† (IV. 1. 212-213). After that plan fails, Portia tells Shylock that Bassanio is offering nine thousand ducats.Portia tells Shylock, â€Å"there’s thrice thy money offered thee,† (IV. 1. 235). The stubborn and immovable Shylock insists on his bond even after three times the original three-thousand ducats are offered to him. Finally, Portia agrees to Shylock’s demands and tells him to cut and retrieve his one pound of flesh. Just before he starts the process she brought up a very significant point to be noticed that changes the fate of the whole trial let alone Antonio’s life. She said, â€Å"This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood / The words are expressly are a pound of flesh,† (IV. . 319-320). She points out that the contract specifically said a pound of flesh not including blood. She follows to say, â€Å"if thou dost shed / One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods / Are by the laws of Venice confiscate / Unto the state of Venice,† (IV. 1. 322-325). The second Shylock heard this part of the contract, he immediately took his words back. He said, â€Å"I take this offer then. Pay the bond thrice / And let the Christian go,† (IV. 1. 332-334). He has taken back his lust for justice and wants his money back so he can just leave.Portia however makes his situation worse for Shylock by bringing out more laws that get Shylock in bad situations. She insists that Antonio’s flesh be cut and given to Shylock. Portia as her final attack at Shylock said to the court, â€Å"If it be proved against an alien / That by direct or indirect attempts / He seek the life of any citizen / The party ‘gainst the which he doth contrive / Shall seize one half his goods; the other half / Comes to the privy coffer of the state / And the offender’s life lies in the mercy / Of the Duke only, ‘gainst all other voice,† (IV. . 364-371). It turned out to be very ironic how Shylock had held grasp of someone’s life and now his life is in the hands of the Duke. Antonio begged Shylock to rethink the contract and be merciful. Now Shylock is asking for mercy and half of his property and goods is going to the very man he swore an oath to kill. It is very funny how such a small missed detail caused such a great deal of events to occur. Portia then asked Antonio, â€Å"What mercy can you render him, Antonio? † (IV. 1. 394).In the end of the great turn of events, Shylock is forced to agree the terms that he will give his money to Jessica and Lorenzo, he will make a will leaving everything to Jessica and Lorenzo, and finally he will become a Christian. The major themes shown are clearly and evidently in the play, especially when Portia is able to use the desire for Shylock’s justice to her advantage and turn the tables on the old Jew. Not only does she free Antonio, but she did the whole case legally and with tremendous justice but lacking mercy. Just as Shylock showed no mercy towards Antonio, he was rendered no mercy either. How to cite Merchant of Venice: Mercy and Justice, Papers

Sustainability Reporting in Accounting

Question: Discuss about the . Answer: Introduction In the era of twenty-first centuries, the definition of business is not bound in sales and revenues. Now a day, businesses all over the world is considering the effects of their business on environment, human resources and communities. They are concerned to maintain the sustainability in their business. Businesses all over the world are publishing their sustainability report that provides information about their steps to revive the environmental, social and economic issues through sustainability approaches (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer, 2014). The aim of the report is to analyze and evaluate the sustainability reporting of one of the Australian Stock Exchange listed companies. For the purpose of the report, Wesfarmers Limited is considered as the company is well known for their sustainability reporting system. Wesfarmers is one of the largest conglomerates in Australia, founded in the year of 1914. Their various businesses include coles, home improvements, departmental stores, che micals, energy, fertilizers and many others (About Wesfarmers, 2016). Sustainability at Wesfarmers Wesfarmers is well known for their sustainability approaches. It is the commitment of the organization to create values for shareholders, employees and communities. One of the ways to create value to Wesfarmers is to manage the impact of their business on the environment and community. There are some companies that use Wesfarmers as their benchmark for sustainable development. Wesfarmers has acknowledged the growing issue of climate change like the increase in weather volatility, frequent weather conditions, high level of temperature and others. On the other hand, there are others human resource issues like gender inequality at the workplace and others. The sustainability approach of Wesfarmers is based on these issues. The sustainability report of Wesfarmers is the summary of their sustainability strategies and actions. The sustainability report of Wesfarmers is prepares according to the rules and regulation Global Reporting initiatives (GRI). All the sustainability actions of the o rganization is done as per the guidelines of GRI principles. As per the FRI principles, there are four major dimensions of the sustainability report of Wesfarmers; they are materiality, completeness, sustainability context and stakeholders inclusiveness. Wesfarmers uses to address ten widely accepted principles of the United Nation Global Compact (UNGC). The sustainability program of Wesfarmers is known as Wesfarmers supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). There are certain goals of the sustainability program of Wesfarmers. They are to end poverty; to fight inequality and injustice at the workplace and to make strategies for responding the climate change issue by the year of 2030 (Our sustainability reporting, 2016). Materiality Issues One of the most important aspects of the sustainability report of Wesfarmers is to address the various materiality issues in the organization. Some major materiality issues have addressed in the materiality report of Wesfarmers. The first materiality issue is to maintain a safe workplace. The Second issue is to give great career opportunities to the employees of the organization (Moscardo et al., 2013). The third materiality issue is to create a inclusive work environment where there will be gender diversity along with the inclusion of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander people in the workforce. Fourth issue is to maintain a respectful relationship with the suppliers. Fifth issue is to source the products in a responsible manner. To contribute to the well-being of community is the sixth material issue. Providing safe products to the customers is the seventh material issue. Eighth materiality issues of Wesfarmers are to reduce the emission intensity in order to fight the issue of c limate change. Ninth material issue is to reduce the portion of wastage of water and other materials. The tenth and last materiality issue is to maintain robust corporate governance policies in the whole organization. These material issues are addressed in the sustainability report of Wesfarmers (Australia, 2012). Sustainability Principles There are five major principles the sustainability reporting of Wesfarmers. They are People, Sourcing, Community, Environment and Governance. All the aspects are discussed under. People: It is the major focus of Wesfarmers to provider ultimate safety to the employees of the organization. Wesfarmers uses various strategies like safety leadership, strategies targeting risk reduction and improving physical as well as mental health to implement safety. On the other hand, the company is determined to create a diversified workplace that will include people of all gender, age, race, cultural background, religion and others (Safety, 2016). Sourcing: It is the aim of Wesfarmers to maintain a healthy relationship with their suppliers. The company has been successful to maintain a good relationship with their more 15,000 suppliers and Wesfarmers has paid $45,525 million to the suppliers. The ethical sourcing policy of Wesfarmers implies that the company wants to source the materials of business in an ethical way (Suppliers, 2016). Community: In the year of 2016, Wesfarmers has contributed more than $57.8 million to the welfare of different communities of Australia. On the other hand, Wesfarmers has given $53.8 million as donation. The company has done the welfare of communities by providing foods, clothing, jobs and others (Community contributions, 2016). Environment: One of the most important dimensions of Wesfarmerss sustainability program is to fight the issue of climate change. For this purpose, Wesfarmers has adopted strategies to control the emission intensity from their business operation. Wesfarmers has been able to maintain the emission of green house gases from the production operation with the assistance of improved technology. On the other hand, Wesfarmers has taken strategies to reduce the wastage of water and other resources from their business operation (Climate change resilience, 2016). Governance: The Company has been successful to implement strict corporate governance policies in order to maintain the sustainability in the organization. Sustainability Achievement in 2016 In the year of 2016, Wesfarmers has achieved many sustainability milestones. The injury frequency rate in 2016 is 33.4 that are 15.2% lower than last year. The company has identified more than 3,300 indigenous employees. The inclusion of 3,200 factories in the audit program has brought transparency in the supply chain. Wesfarmers has contributed a total of $110 million for the well-being of communities. The company has been successful to reduce the greenhouse emission by 2% in this year. The workforce of Wesfarmers contains 55% of women employees and this is a great achievement to reduce gender inequality. These are the major sustainability achievements in 2016 (Sloan, 2016). Stakeholders Analysis It is the sustainability vision of Wesfarmers to add value to their various stakeholders with the help their sustainability activities. One of the effective policies of the company is that they use to communicate with their stakeholders on a regular basis and they invite the precious feedbacks from them. Wesfarmers has different stakeholders that include employees of the organization, customers, shareholders, suppliers of the company, the government, non-governmental organizations, media and community (Kenny, 2013). Wesfarmers has implemented some major sustainability policies for all of their stakeholders. As per the report of 2016, Wesfarmers has employed around 220,000 employees; the company has created many career opportunities for these employees. Wesfarmers has created many channels so that the customers can contact with the company and can provide their valuable feedback. One of the major stakeholders of the company is the shareholders. The well directed sustainability strateg ies of Wesfarmers have been successful to attract the attention of the shareholders. Wesfarmers various sustainability initiatives like ethical sourcing, suppliers relationship, climate change strategies and others have helped the company to gain more investments from the investors. On the other hand, the sustainability initiatives of Wesfarmers have helped the organization to earn praise from the government. Wesfarmers has received many awards from the government for their sustainability reporting. All the sustainability activities of Wesfarmers have helped the organization financially as it helped to improve the financial position of the company (Rowe et al., 2014). Conclusion: The objective of the report is to analyze and evaluate the various aspects of sustainability reporting of Wesfarmers. It has been seen in the study that there are some major aspects of the sustainability reporting of Wesfarmers. As per the above report, the vision of Wesfarmers is to continuously add value to their various stakeholders like shareholders, employees, customers and others. Sustainability reporting is one of the means to add value to the stakeholders. It has been seen that Wesfarmers uses to follow the GRI principles and frameworks to prepare their sustainability reports. The five major dimensions of sustainability reporting of Wesfarmers are people, sourcing, community, environment and government. All these sustainability activities of Wesfarmers have helped the company to invite more investments from the shareholders. On the other hand, the various sustainability strategies of Wesfarmers to implement health and safety for their various stakeholders have assisted the or ganization to create a good band image of the company. The sustainability activities of Wesfarmers are already perfect. However, there are still some scopes to improve. It is suggested that Wesfarmers should focus more on the improvement of the relationship with the suppliers. It is recommended that there should be more transparency in the supply chain of the organization. Another recommendation is that Wesfarmers should promote mental health among the employees. References Australia, A.C.C.A., 2012. The state of sustainability report assurance in the ASX 100. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014.Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Kenny, G., 2013. The stakeholder or the firm? Balancing the strategic framework.Journal of Business Strategy,34(3), pp.33-40. Moscardo, G., Lamberton, G., Wells, G., Fallon, W., Lawn, P., Rowe, A., Humphrey, J., Wiesner, R., Pettitt, B., Clifton, D. and Renouf, M., 2013.Sustainability in Australian business: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell. Rowe, A.L., Nowak, M., Quaddus, M. and Naude, M., 2014. Stakeholder engagement and sustainable corporate community investment.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(7), pp.461-474. Sloan, E., 2016. Improving dragline productivity and increasing reliability using big data.AusIMM Bulletin, (Aug 2016), p.58. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.About Wesfarmers. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-approach/about-wesfarmers/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Climate change resilience. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-principles/environment/climate-change-resilience/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Community contributions. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-principles/community/community-contributions/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Our sustainability reporting. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-approach/our-sustainability-reporting/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Safety. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-principles/people/safety/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au., 2016.Suppliers. [online] Sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au. Available at: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-principles/sourcing/suppliers/ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016].

Womens Perceptions and the Feminist Theory free essay sample

This paper examines how societys perceptions of women affect feminist theory: The author discusses the feminist belief that there is a social division between men and women, in terms of representation and that this division is caused by the perception of an inherent difference between the sexes. This paper discusses this point of view from the works of: Audry Lourdes essay, The Masters Tools Will Never Dismantle the Masters House, Donna Haraways essay, `A Cyborg Manifesto`, and Henry Hwangs adaptation of the classic M. Butterfly. How society perceives women is the root of feminism. There is a social division between men and women, and this division is caused by the perception of an inherent difference between the sexes. As feminists do not believe that a perception of difference should act as a classification for men and women, it is the representation and presentation of this sense of difference that is the target of feminist actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Perceptions and the Feminist Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Write a critical appreciation of Sakis Shredni Vashtar putting it in the context of your reading in the Gothic tradition Essay Example

Write a critical appreciation of Sakis Shredni Vashtar putting it in the context of your reading in the Gothic tradition Essay Example Write a critical appreciation of Sakis Shredni Vashtar putting it in the context of your reading in the Gothic tradition Essay Write a critical appreciation of Sakis Shredni Vashtar putting it in the context of your reading in the Gothic tradition Essay Shredni Vashtar (1910) is a story of relationships and escape. It is an example of equivocal gothic, according to Montague Summers categorizations in his essay The Gothic Quest: A history of the Gothic novel (1938). The story is typical to the Gothic genre as it contains ideas of exploring the unconscious, and the idea of metaphorical constraints (like those of Conradin due to his illness and his controlling guardian) represented by physical and literal constraints (like that of Shredni Vashter). Conradin is a curious character, whos reality seems to drive him into his own imagination, as he feels happier in his own world than in the world of Mrs. De Ropp. Freud in his works spoke about two major principles, the pleasure principle which opposes the reality principle. Conradin bases his life on the principle of escaping his reality in search of happiness and pleasure in his own world Perhaps Conradins masking of his dislike for Mrs. De Ropp is an element of the pleasure principle which avoids conflict and displeasure in favour of gratification and happiness. Gothic novels are often praised for exploring (and often prematurely) ideas, which Freud explored and legitimised. An important element of Gothic is infertility, as it represents death and paths the way for the authors vivid description of the narrators or characters surroundings. In this story, the dull, cheerless garden with few fruit trees and dismal shrubbery seems to reflect Conradins own life, which is full of wearisome things. The garden is described as an arid waste which creates the uncanny atmosphere so needed for a successful Gothic story. The subject of the uncanny is a Freudean idea used frequently in Gothic to arouse a sense of dread, horror and terror. The Gothic makes places obviously unheimlich (or un-homely) such as The Garden, or Heimlich (homely) such as the shed, which is described as a haven to create differing dimensions of fear from the locations in the story. The Garden is used to represent Conradins reality, always under surveillance by Mrs. De Ropp as it is overlooked by so many windows. The Shed however is representative of Conradins imagination, an escape, which is his own, hidden and private from his dominating and controlling guardian. An interesting idea I noticed in the story is the portrayal of religion, the ferret which promotes fear and curiosity in Conradin is associated with being a God, whereas the Houdan hen, the only character to which the boy lavished an affection that had scarcely another outlet is associated with being an Anabaptist (a Christian group who believe in belief baptism, or the re-baptising of adult believers). This is interesting because Conradin associates Mrs. De Ropp with respectability as well as normal Christianity (as it says The Woman indulged in religion) and so seeks anything but. This could be involving ideas of nature versus nurture, as Mrs. De Ropps loveless, cold and domineering treatment of her cousin has resulted in his loneliness and his desire to be independent in his beliefs rather than to learn from his guardian as children are expected to. Conradin is ill, and has but a short time to live, this is typical to the Gothic genre as deterioration is important rather than progression. Mrs. De Ropps short-sighted eyes which she uses to peer at the boy with may be used to show her lack of perception at the boys feelings towards her, and toward his own life, I believe this is important as it is repeated twice in the story in quick succession and I therefore believe that we as readers are supposed to pity Conradin. Her lack of knowledge may be used to speak out against societies and leaders rules, which are reflected by Mrs. De Ropps. There may be some gender issues as well, as Mrs. De Ropp is described as being a middle-class feminist who said that making toast gave trouble, she may have issues with Conradins gender as it seems as if Mrs. De Ropp has no children of her own, perhaps she would rather have a healthy girl of her own than an ill son who is not. The locked hutch door is a threshold, these are very important at perfectly concealing and releasing evidence and further knowledge of what is happening in gothic stories. This locked door is the division, which keeps Conradin away from what he so fears, as well as keeping Mrs. De Ropp away from the secret he so loves (Shredni Vashtar). The ferret parallels Conradin himself, as he is metaphorically imprisoned by his guardian and his illness, unable to reach his full potential in life, just as the captured and literally imprisoned Shredni Vashtar is. Typical adjectives are scattered in this story to create a better sense of atmosphere, such as cold, darkness and dusk. Shredni Vashtar is, for Conradin, the embodiment of his own suppressed power and anger, his thoughts were red thoughts and his teeth were white. Our reactions to the killing of Mrs. De Ropp are strange, as we cannot help but feel slightly victorious if not a little pleased. It is ironic that in the end Mrs. De Ropp transforms from the capturer to the one that frees them both from captivity. Conradin is a dark character as we see him doing to Shredni Vashtar, what he so hates about his own life, control, obsession and captivation. There are few characters with no dark aspects to them in this story, and it is hard to know which one to support. This is a clever technique as it replicates the confusion felt by Gothic characters in most stories. I believe that the escape of Shredni Vashtar is a possible representation of Conradins own future, as the two parralel one another, and Shredni Vashtar is the doppelganger or dark double of Conradin. The doctor who analysed Conradin with an early death is said to be effete a term regarding a person who seeks money (which he surely would receive for the purchase of Conradins medicine) and lacks a sense of responsibility I can not help but be left with the feeling that the short-sighted Mrs. De Ropp and her doctor may be wrong about Conradin. Mrs. De Ropp refuses to accept his health as this way she could exert more power over him, and the doctor is simply greedy for money. Conradin is freed with Shredni Vashtar, and I believe he is freed to of his metaphorical illness posed by enlightenment figures. This brings in another important Gothic trope, which is the mocking of the enlightenment.

The Social Transformation of American Medicine

The Social Transformation of American Medicine Starr divides the history of medicine into two books in order to emphasize two separate movements in the development of American medicine. The first movement was the rise of professional sovereignty and the second was the transformation of medicine into an industry, with corporations taking a large role. A Sovereign Profession In the first book, Starr begins with a look at the shift from domestic medicine in early America when the family wants the locus of care of the sick to the shift towards the professionalization of medicine in the late 1700s. Not all were accepting, however, as lay healers in the early 1800s saw the medical profession as nothing but privilege and took a hostile stance to it. But then medical schools began to emerge and proliferate during the mid-1800s and medicine was quickly becoming a profession with licensures, codes of conduct, and professional fees. The rise of hospitals and the introduction of telephones and better modes of transportation made physicians accessible and acceptable. In this book, Starr also discusses the consolidation of professional authority and the changing social structure of physicians in the nineteenth century. For instance, before the 1900s, the role of the doctor did not have a clear class position, as there was a lot of inequality. Doctors did not earn much and a physician’s status depended largely on their family’s status. In 1864, however, the first meeting of the American Medical Association was held in which they raised and standardized requirements for medical degrees as well as enacted a code of ethics, giving the medical profession a higher social status. Reform of medical education began around 1870 and continued through the 1800s. Starr also examines the transformation of American hospitals throughout history and how they have become central institutions in medical care. This happened in a series of three phases. First was the formation of voluntary hospitals that were operated by charitable lay boards and public hospitals that were operated by municipalities, counties, and the federal government. Then, beginning in the 1850s, a variety of more â€Å"particularistic† hospitals formed that were primarily religious or ethnic institutions that specialized in certain diseases or categories of patients. Third was the advent and spread of profit-making hospitals, which are operated by physicians and corporations. As the hospital system has evolved and changed, so has the role of the nurse, physician, surgeon, staff, and patient, which Starr also examines. In the final chapters of book one, Starr examines dispensaries and their evolvement over time, the three phases of public health and the rise of new specialty clinics, and the resistance to the corporatization of medicine by doctors. He concludes with a discussion of the five major structural changes in the distribution of power that played a major role in the social transformation of American medicine:1. The emergence of an informal control system in medical practice resulting from the growth of specialization and hospitals.2. Stronger collective organization and authority/the control of labor markets in medical care.3. The profession secured a special dispensation from the burdens of hierarchy of the capitalist enterprise. No â€Å"commercialism† in medicine was tolerated and much of the capital investment required for medical practice was socialized.4. The elimination of countervailing power in medical care.5. The establishment of specific spheres of professional authority. The Struggle for Medical Care The second half of The Social Transformation of American Medicine focuses on the transformation of medicine into an industry and the growing role of corporations and the state in the medical system. Starr begins with a discussion on how social insurance came about, how it evolved into a political issue, and why America lagged behind other countries with regards to health insurance. He then examines how the New Deal and the Depression affected and shaped insurance at the time. The birth of Blue Cross in 1929 and Blue Shield several years later really paved the way for health insurance in America because it reorganized medical care on a prepaid, comprehensive basis. This was the first time that â€Å"group hospitalization† was introduced and provided a practical solution for those who could not afford typical private insurance of the time. Shortly after, health insurance emerged as a benefit received via employment, which reduced the likelihood that only the sick would buy insurance and it reduced the large administrative costs of individually sold policies. Commercial insurance expanded and the character of the industry changed, which Starr discusses. He also examines the key events that formed and shaped the insurance industry, including World War II, politics, and social and political movements (such as the women’s rights movement). Starr’s discussion of the evolution and transformation of the American medical and insurance system ends in the late 1970s. A lot has changed since then, but for a very thorough and well-written look at how medicine has changed throughout history in the United States up until 1980, The Social Transformation of American Medicine is the book to read. This book is the winner of the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, which in my opinion is well deserved. References Starr, P. (1982). The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Success in Modern Labor Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Success in Modern Labor Market - Essay Example Under conditions of globalization it is possible to reflect one’s abilities from different prospects. We live at interesting times and we are fascinated by the diversities of the modern globalized world. Thesis statement: labor market of the 21st century is a new way for employees’ treatment, to their performance, which is based on their personal interests and concerns, which, if respected by the company, are perfectly integrated with the main goals and values of the company. The vision about the modern labor market changed and the vision about success has changed as well. With regards to the immense opportunities of self-development, it is possible to position oneself as he wants in a social sphere and play for example a role of a perfect wife, mother or housekeeper and at the same time remain a successful employee. Such options are provided by numerous companies, such as Google Plexes, for example. Different opportunities may lead to integration of culturally diverse employees and work in the name of a perfect conglomerate development. Modern developments in economics To begin with, it is necessary to outline current developments in the context of modern employment practices. Employers are no more interested in manufacturing employment or knowledge-based occupations. Nowadays each employer chooses the best individual, whose skills are endless and whose imaginative thinking may open a global horizon for future development. There is a need to invest in capable and talented workforce in order to succeed globally. For modern companies success means keeping catching up with the rest of companies internationally. Employees in the global market are characterized by flexibility and their ability to catch up with the changing norms and processes in the labor market. Such features as initiative, energy drive, mental sturdiness, and emotional stability, creative thinking, striving for perfection, inspiration and many other features are dominant. Therefore, it is relevant to focus on different tendencies in the labor market internationally in order to make some conclusions about the best ways to succeed. Performativity On the example of case study about Egyptian women, performativity option as the right way to success will be considered further on. Women in this country have witnessed that currently they have numerous opportunities for their self-development, realization of their career inspirations etc. Labor participation of Egyptian women is on halt, though in their academic performance they have higher rates in comparison with Egyptian men (Hassanien, 2010). Unfortunately, Egyptian women are often characterized as â€Å"women at leisure†, because there is a too high barer for gender-work interplay in Egypt. In terms of gender performativity it should be noted that case with Egypt is interesting and resonance. They have creative thinking, imaginative potential, good credentials and degrees but they do not have their jobs or well-paid jobs. It means that Egyptian labor market requires restandartization in accordance with global labor market needs. Moreover, there is an option to show that it is possible to reach success in this country in the labor market. Such a successful entrepreneur is Azza Fahmy. She is one of the leading jewelry designers in the Middle East. She has combined her innovative and creative thinking and her craftsman skills. In the result she became the CEO of Azza Fahmy Jewellery. Earlier this

How UNICIEF Has Changed the Perception of Children Coursework

How UNICIEF Has Changed the Perception of Children - Coursework Example Children have been given particular attention in the world.   This is due to the fact that for a long time now, society has been neglecting children and in some societies, the rights of children have been glossily ignored. The UN has made strides in protecting the rights of children and therefore it has created a separate body UNICEF which is given the mission of looking at the welfare of children.  It is in the sense that children are the inheritors of the world. A society that does not take care of its tomorrow is doomed to become extinct in the future. The main responsibility that any parent takes is to bring up a  Ã‚   child who will inherit the world and leave it a better place than we have been able to build it. Therefore it is important to bring up children in a way that they feel a part of the world.  For a long time, children have been treated as less equal beings in society.   They have been exposed to all forms of abuse regardless of the future that any community is molding. This has had an effect on the generation that inherits the society as it has come to adopt the same social life that it has been exposed to when still young. It has been shown that children who are exposed to abuses are likely to result in the same means when they grow up since they come to adopt it as the accepted way of life. (Your Rights, 2008)Children have not only being abused in society but also in the family set up.   Discrimination of children has been one of the forms of abuses that have been used against children. In this regard access to family, resources have been dictated by the cultural beliefs and the values that are attached to some sexes. In many societies, males have been given preference over females due to the values that are attached to them. In India history has it that millions of females are still killed when young as they are considered a burden to society. Wives all over the world have been divorced as they don’t bear their husband the preferred child.   The fact that we have fails to recognize the rights of each and every child right from the family set up has been the main cause of the lack of observance of children rights in the society.

Analysis on Lance Armstrong Doping Essay Example for Free

Analysis on Lance Armstrong Doping Essay No, the consequences brought upon Armstrong are completley inappropriate. The actions taken against him undergone by Travis Tygart and USADA are over the top. The fact that Lance doped is undeniable, he did it, but so did every other Tour de France contender and their teammates. Why should the man who won against other dopers have his life ruined? Why should a man who has helped millions of cancer patients have to step down from his organization and pay off the tax breaks of his charity? Well apparently Lance has to. Apparently, he has to pay fines due to his winnings, tax breaks, sponsorship money, etc. All he did was do EPO (like everyone else) and win the hardest cycling race in the world. Seven times. He was driven by his infamous focus on the task at hand, and raise cancer awareness globally. His athletic achievments outside of cycling are now getting the can too, including his win at the Boston Marathon, numerous Ironman 70.3 results, and various others. Mark Cavendish tweeted â€Å"Are people so naive they think cyclings the only sport with a hidden past? Maybe its just the only sport where a hidden pasts come out.† Baseball, football, various other sports have athletes taking performance enhacing drugs, why doesnt Barry Bonds, or Mark McGuires have their reputation tarnished and dragged through the streets? All of Lances sponsors have dropped him, including: Trek Bikes, FRS, Nike, Anheuser-Busch, Oakley, and 24 Hour Fitness. To wrap it up, theres been rumors of a divorce going around. Good job Travis Tygart, Pat McQuaid, Media hounds, and USADA investigators. You couldnt just leave it alone after years and years of failure, you ruined an American heros life and reputation, I hope youre satisfied.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Character Analysis, King Arthur

From all the reputable figures of the tale â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†; the Gawain-poet considered chivalry and the knightly code thee most righteous way to classify a gentleman within the medieval time period. King Arthur, Sir Gawain, and the Green Knight basked in the veneration of their peers and kingdom. Throughout the story these characters was presented in the esteemed glory, however, through the duration of the novella; the storyteller shown that each noble persona contained flaws. By interpreting their strengths and faults, the audience will be exposed to how the storyteller perceived elements of the code and chivalry. Dependent on such character, the differentiation of the regulations and codes will symbolize their role in the tale, further more, will elucidate the hardships of enduring the character. From where â€Å"bold men were bred† (Anonymous, pg.26), the â€Å"most honour[able]† (Anonymous, pg.26) Arthur resided at the renowned Camelot. Arthur being most favorable made his citizens and knights obedient to him and his desires. Sitting in the estate throne concludes that he must: stay faithful to his religion, present nobility and courtesy. As well as, staying chase, when expected, and valiant for his kingdom. Defiantly â€Å"fearless† Arthur is swift to protect and defend his kingdom by taking upon the challenge given from the Green Knight. Consequently, this situation portraits to the reader that valor, honor, and piety are all inevitability affiliated with King Arthur, as it shall be for such leaders. So for him being in a position of wealth and authority, he presents himself as a jejune juvenile. With â€Å"moods of a boy† (Anonymous, pg. 26), â€Å"Arthur would not eat until . . . . he first [was] apprised of some strange story or stirring adventure, or some moving marvel that he might believe in of noble men, knighthood, or new adventures; or a challenger should come a champion seeking† (Anonymous, pg. 26). King Arthur acting like an immature child is the most vile characteristic for the fact that he is king and is expected of holding himself with class and dignity. Though his kingdom and himself is well known, his courtesy is not. Soon after the noble King went to defend his title and reputation, the â€Å"good† Gawain verified his loyalty, courtesy and courage through defending the weaker by taking upon the laborious quest of his lord. Telling the King to â€Å"save your blood in my body I boast no virtue† (Anonymous, pg, 37) brings the initial feel for Gawain.

Centralised organisation Essay

â€Å"Outline the main ways in which a large centralised organisation might achieve a more flexible organised structure. Using examples, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing greater organisational flexibility† â€Å"The structures that organisations adopt are usually aligned to one of five generic organisational structures. These are the simple structure, the functional structure, the divisional structure, the holding company structure and the matrix structure. (Capon, C. (2009) the business environment. Chapter 4: Inside organisations. This essay will explain the various ways of how a large centralised organisation achieves a more flexible structure through de-centralisation. This essay will analyse the benefits and drawbacks of the matrix structure and the functional structure. A flexible structure allows staff to take part in decision making thus making them feel more valued and motivated, this favours the organisation because efficiency and communication is improved. Centralised structures are often referred to as bureaucracies and have a long chain of command and a narrow span of control. They are tall structures designed so that directors, owners and management can achieve maximum control. Decision making is isolated within the top part of the hierarchy with a very autocratic style of management (none/very little shared decision making with employees further down the hierarchy). Centralised structures allow benchmarks and certain procedures to monitor quality closely. A clear path can be seen by employees in terms of promotion which often aids in motivation, in turn improving the productivity of staff. However there are some downsides to a centralised or bureaucratic structure, such as the fact that it’s time-consuming for decisions to be made because the decision has to come from the top of the organisation (CEO’s/Directors) all the way to the bottom through many levels before the employees actually get told what they need to do; because of this it is difficult for companies with a tall structure to quickly react to changes in the market that they operate in. In tall organisations there is a tendency for ‘red tape’ or excessive regulation which also slows down many processes within a business. Another problem with tall organisations is that there is a divide between the top managers and regular employees, which means that the workers lower down in the hierarchy feel excluded and less valued. This In turn leads to workers becoming less motivated. Because of all these difficulties big organisations are constantly attempting to increase flexibility by changing their structure. Decentralisation provides higher subordinate satisfaction and a quicker response to problems and may give workers a sense of ownership and greater levels of motivation in their work† (Ray French, Charlotte Rayner, Gary Rees and Sally Rumbles – (2008) Organizational behaviour ). De-centralised structures are desirable because they allow flexibility within a business, it is essentially a democratic management style of running an organisation, and this means that there is more feedback and input from staff regarding decision making. With a shorter chain of command, due to the flat hierarchical structure, and increased motivation of staff production can increase. The functional structure is relatively restrictive of flexibility, it is fairly rigid and centralised. The managers of the departments are given the responsibility to manage day-to-day problems and take part in decision making only in the short term. Decision making and power in the long term rests very much within the board of directors, thus slowing down communication within the organisation. The functional structure is mainly used by small businesses; large organisations tend to move away from this structure in the search for more flexibility. The reason for this is because of product or service diversification and larger target markets. The functional structure tends to have poor career prospects, high pressure on senior managers , quality monitoring is very difficult and there are skills shortages in the sense that job roles are set so skills cannot be shared within the departments. The matrix structure integrates two structures together, often geographical and multi product structures. For example, a company may have a department for a product A in Europe and for Product A in Asia. One of the advantages of the Matrix structure is the convenience of experts simplifying the sharing of knowledge between the goods. Another advantage of the matrix structure is intra-team communication, this allows ease of communication between the different functional product groups within the same organisation, and similarly there is less pressure on managers, quality monitoring is easier and skills are interchanged within departments of the same function thus improving efficiency. In the early 90’s the majority of IBM and the business press were convinced decentralisation would aid the company in terms of â€Å"flexibility, speed and entrepreneurial motivation†. They believed splitting up IBM into smaller companies would speed up processes and promote and enhance efficiency, which can be true of decentralisation. Lou Gerstner was appointed CEO of IBM in 1993. He was convinced IBM should remain centralised and to â€Å"use its unique size and capabilities to help customers integrate the diverse components of their information technology (IT) systems†. In the end IBM was loosened up but not completely decentralised. This worked tremendously well with IBM’s stock price rising by almost a factor of ten. (Thomas W. Malone – Harvard Business School Archives (29/3/2004): Making the decision to decentralise. )From this we can conclude that de-centralisation improves organisational flexibility by speeding up the process of decision making, improving efficiency and communication and increasing job satisfaction for employees. Pursuing greater organisational flexibility could be complex in the sense that the organisation may become less efficient due to the change in structure and managerial span of control. Nonetheless changing from a tall centralised structure to a flat decentralised structure favours the organisation because there are fewer levels of hierarchy and a shorter chain of command which enables better communication. â€Å"Decentralisation, in theory, provides greater potential for motivating employees and, because decisions are taken nearer the place of work, the organisation can react faster and smarter†. Ian Brookes (2009): Organisational behaviour – individuals, groups and organisation 4th edition). However not all flat structures are decentralised; take for example the functional structure, despite being flat it is a rigid and centralised structure. The Matrix structure would enable a large organisation to achieve greater organisational flexibility because one of its main strengths is allowing ease of communication.

We should not add our parents in facebook

We should not add our parents as friend on backbone According to the statistic updated in year 2013, there are total numbers of 1. 26 billion of Backbone users. It is common to have a Backbone account, vice versa. The percentage of teenagers that add their parents as friend on Backbone Is 70%. 70% of them think that there is no problem to add their parents as friends on Backbone. However, It Is my view that I should not add my parents as friends on Backbone as It retrains me from being myself, Invades my privacy and makes me feel embarrassed.As I am a normal 18 years old teenager, I have a Backbone account too. I have added my mum as friend 3 years ago. When the first time I posted a selfless of myself on my Backbone wall, my mum mandated me to delete the photo. The reason she said Is, â€Å"The photo Is ugly, don't put out your tongue when you take a picture! † I had followed what she want me to do, but also remove her from my friend list. There are millions type of me inside , my mum want me to be a teenager that has good image, but what I want to do is being myself.I think adding parents as friends on Backbone retrain me room being myself. There is no freedom to post a picture or a post on my Backbone, as parents will afraid that we have no good impression in others mind. In addition, there are no privacy between me and my parents if I added them as my friends on Backbone account. It is because they can see whatever things you post on your Backbone wall. They will constantly stalking your page and bombarding you with questions that make you feel like you have no social life or privacy.When you post a status written about you are feeling blue today, your parents will try to know about hat happen on you even though you choose not to tell them. Although it is a responsibility of parent to know more about their children, but there is a wall of privacy between parent and children. If children choose to make the thing happen on them as a secret to their pare nts, but they want to share it with friends, they will face â€Å"to be or not to be, that is a question. † Lastly, adding parents as my Backbone friend make me feel embarrassing.As I am from different generations with my parents, we would have different views and thoughts on certain things. My parents judge me In a way that make me feel uncomfortable, misunderstood, or even worse, embarrassed as they are made fun and chastised by my friends because of Judgments made by my parents. When they comment on each of my picture and post, they TLD notice that the comment sounds like talking to a small kid. They treat me childishly Like a kid as they didn't notice that I am already an 18 years old teenager. It Is so embarrassing If my friend see what they comment.As a result, there are many disadvantages If teenagers add their parents as friends on Backbone. Therefore, teenagers should not add their parents on Backbone. Whether the reasons are for being themselves, privacy or image pr oblem, they should delete their parents from the friend list. We should not add our parents in backbone By Koala-Neon percentage of teenagers that add their parents as friend on Backbone is 70%. 70% of However, it is my view that I should not add my parents as friends on Backbone as it retrains me from being myself, invades my privacy and makes me feel embarrassed.Backbone wall, my mum mandated me to delete the photo. The reason she said is, â€Å"The photo is ugly, don't put out your tongue when you take a picture! † I had followed would have different views and thoughts on certain things. My parents Judge me in a parents. When they comment on each of my picture and post, they didn't notice that the comment sounds like talking to a small kid. They treat me childishly like a kid as they didn't notice that I am already an 18 years old teenager. It is so embarrassing if my friend see what they comment. As a result, there are many disadvantages if

Business-writing radio launched - Emphasis

Business-writing radio launched Business-writing radio launched Free podcasts offer expert help with writing reports, proposals, emails and more A new source of free help is at hand for anyone who has ever grappled with writing a make or break proposal or report, or wondered how best to handle sensitive customer correspondence. It comes in the shape of a series of podcasts that give expert advice on how to improve your business-writing skills. The podcasts, called Write On, offer help with everything from creating effective reports and proposals to writing speeches and emails. The high-quality programmes have been produced by leading business-writing trainers Emphasis and are presented by BBC radio presenter Clare McDonnell. They offer a wealth of practical tips and advice, as well as interviews with executives from major public and private-sector organisations about the latest thinking on business writing. They are just one of the many resources available on the Emphasis website that enable everyone to access business-writing advice, free of charge, in their own time. Companies can lose millions of pounds every year through poorly written proposals or badly worded customer service letters, explains Rob Ashton, Emphasis Chief Executive. But often people dont know how to improve their written work and may not want to admit publicly that they struggle with writers block or grammar, for instance. The beauty of the podcasts is that you acan listen to them in private, anywhere improving your writing skills even while travelling to work, for example. The podcasts are available to download here, where users can subscribe through iTunes or RSS feed to automatically receive each show as its released. They play equally well on an iPod or computer. Press enquiries For more information, please contact us 01273 738 888 or email us here. For information on training courses or to access free online resources, visit emphbootstrap.wpengine.com. Notes for editors Emphasis Training Ltd are the UKs leading business-writing trainers, providing bespoke courses for a huge range of private and public sector organisations, both in the UK and internationally. Since 1998, they have helped thousands of people in government departments, law firms, blue-chip companies, universities and charities to produce first-class business writing. With headquarters in Brighton, East Sussex, Emphasis have a dedicated team of experienced, specialist trainers who run bespoke courses on-site for organisations across the UK. They also run open courses for smaller groups or individuals throughout the year in London.

Chebyshev’s Theorem and the Empirical Rule

A bell curve is perfectly symmetrical with respect to a vertical line through its peak and is sometimes called a Gauss curve or a normal curve. The second shape a scatter diagram may have is anything but a normal curve as in the next drawing: We can do a lot of good statistics with the normal curve, but virtually none with any other curve. Let us assume that we have recorded the 1000 ages and computed the mean and standard deviation of these ages. Assuming the mean age came out as 40 years and the standard deviation as 6 years we can do the following predictions. Chebyshev’s Theorem In the case of a scatter diagram that seems to be anything but a normal curve, all we can go by is Chebyshev’s theorem. This very important but rarely used theorem states that in those cases where we have a non-normal distribution, the following can be said abut the individual data, which in this case are the ages: †¢ At least 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 28 to 52 years. †¢ At least 88. 9% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 88. 9% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 22 to 58 years. †¢ At least 93. 75% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 93. 75% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 16 to 64 years. †¢ At least 96% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 96% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 10 to 70 years. At least 97. 2% of all the ages will lie in the range of [pic]. In our case this means that at least 97. 2% of the people will have an age in the range of [pic] years which simplifies to a range of 4 to 76 years. How can we calculate these percentages? To calculate the 75%, the 88. 9%, the 93. 75%, etc, we look at the number of standard deviations in the respective intervals. The 75% goes together with me an  ± 1 standard deviation, the 88. 9% with mean  ± 2 standard deviations, the 93. 75% with mean  ± 3 standard deviations, and the 96% with mean  ± 4 standard deviations. In general you can say that the percentage of people with an age in the range of mean  ± k standard deviations can be found by calculating the value of the quantity [pic] and then converting that into a percentage. Summarizing the above we get the following table: |Interval |k |[pic] |% | |[pic] |2 |[pic] |75 | |[pic] |3 |[pic] |88. 9 | |[pic] |4 |[pic] |93. 75 | |[pic] |5 |[pic] |96 | [pic] |6 |[pic] |97. 2 | Do we have to restrict ourselves to whole numbers as values for k? No, we may take any value for k as long as it larger than 1. For instance, for k = 2. 5 we get the result that [pic] in the interval [pic] years Example 1: Students Who Care is a student volunteer program in which college students donate work time in community centers for homeless people. Professor Gill is the faculty sponsor for this student volunteer program. For several years Dr. Gill has kept a record of the total number of work hours volunteered by s student in the program each semester. For students in the program, for each semester the mean number of hours was 29. 1 hours with a standard deviation of 1. 7 hours. Find an interval for the number of hours volunteered in which at least 88. 9% of the students in this program would fit. Solution: From the table above we see that a percentage of 88. 9 will coincide with an interval of [pic] hours. This can be rewritten as an interval from 24 to 34. 2 hours volunteered each semester. Example 2: The East Coast Independent News periodically runs ads in its own classified section offering a month’s free subscription to those who respond. This way management can get a sense about the number of subscribers who read the classified section each day. Careful records have been kept over a period of 2 years. The mean number of responses was 525 with a standard deviation of 30. What is the smallest percentage of responses in the interval between 375 and 675? Solution: The difference between the mean of 525 and the upper limit of this interval is 150. This is 5 standard deviations since[pic]. The same is true for the difference between the mean and the lower limit of this interval. According to the table above this coincides with 96%. The Empirical Rule When the data values seem to have a normal distribution, or approximately so, we can use a much easier theorem than Chebyshev’s. The empirical rule states that in cases where the distribution is normal, the following statements are true: †¢ Approximately 68% of the data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean. †¢ Approximately 95% of the data values will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean. Approximately 99. 7% of the data values will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Example 3: The average salary for graduates entering the actuarial field is $60,000. If the salaries are normally distributed with a standard deviation of $5000, then what percentage of the graduates will have a salary between $50,000 and $70,000? Solution: Both $50,000 and $70,000 are $10,000 away from the mean of $60,000. This is two standard deviations away from the mean, so 95% of the graduates will have a salary in this interval. [pic] Age No of people [pic]

Effects of the Smoking on Humans Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of the Smoking on Humans Health - Article Example A major reason why people smoke is that they do not realize what harm smoking causes to the health. The inhaled smoke harms the biological system that oxygenates the bloodstream, but smokers may not know that. Carbon monoxide present in the cigarette smoke reduces the transported amount of oxygen through blood. This research project compared a group of smokers with a group of non-smokers to study the relationship between smoking and level of oxygenation in the blood. There were a total of 13 members in each group. A pulse oximeter was used to gauge the levels of blood oxygenation. On the basis of the previous research, this research project’s results should identify lower levels of blood oxygenation in the smokers as compared to the blood oxygenation levels of the non-smokers because of the reduced efficiency of the smokers’ bodies to carry oxygen through the bloodstream. Differences between the blood oxygenation levels of the selected groups were measures using means, t-tests, and standard deviations. In spite of the support of the previous research for drastic difference between the blood oxygenation levels of the two groups, this research project did not find any significant difference. The major anticipated reason for the deviation of the results of this research from the previous researches is that the groups selected for this research comprised young people whereas the effects of smoking possibly take time to reveal themselves. Retesting the same groups after some time is recommended.